Nutritional Pearls: What Type of Nuts Are Best?

John is a 32-year-old overweight man with elevated cholesterol levels. He regularly eats salty, crunchy snacks and worries about the difficulty in giving them up.

At his most recent check-up, he asks if there are any healthier alternatives to his beloved snacks.

How would you advise your patient?

What is the correct answer?
(Answer and discussion on next page)

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Answer: Eat tree nuts; they're great snacks that may help to improve cholesterol scores.

There's tons of good research to show that nuts are good for you, and that they can help you improve your cholesterol scores. But when I tell people that their best snack choice is nuts, the first question they have is "Which one?" (Their second is whether candy-coated or salted is okay.)

Randomized Controlled Trials

As I've discussed on more than one occasion, the gold standard for health research is the randomized controlled trial, in which participants are randomly assigned to a test condition or a control condition, and then the outcomes for both groups are compared. When we're talking about diet and nutrition research, in a best-case scenario this would mean that half the participants are assigned to consume a food while the other half avoid that food—and the trial needs to last long enough that any results can be measured.

Yet even a randomized controlled trial can be problematic when we're talking about what people eat. Other than keeping people in the lab all the time, how can you be sure they ate what they say they ate? How can you be sure the effects you observe are due to the food you're studying and not something else in their diet?

The Research

A team of researchers from Tufts University and colleagues from the Life Sciences Research Organization sought out all published controlled trials that reported on the effects of eating tree nuts (walnuts, pistachios, macadamia nuts, pecans, cashews, almonds, hazelnuts, and Brazil nuts) on cholesterol scores and blood pressures, among other indicators of cardiovascular risk.¹ The studies had to last at least 3 weeks and look only at adults over 18, while excluding people with diagnosed cardiovascular disease (such as a heart attack, stroke, or heart failure) and those who took medication for diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, or cholesterol scores. (Those trials including people with those conditions—but who were not taking medication—were included.)

This left the authors with 61 controlled trials and a total of nearly 2600 participants, and all of the trials provided their participants with the nuts they were to consume, rather than simply instructing the participants to eat the nuts.

After standardizing the amount of nuts each study provided their participants to a dosage unit of 1 ounce of nuts (1 serving), the authors could compare the cholesterol and blood pressures of those who consumed various amounts of nuts with those who did not.

The Results

Unsurprisingly, they found that those who ate nuts every day had better total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) scores, while also having lower blood pressure than those who did not eat nuts. More importantly, however, they looked at which nuts people ate and how much they ate. When they analyzed the results according to dosage, the participants' scores improved somewhat when they ate 1 serving of nuts, but they improved the most when the participants ate at least 2 ounces (2 servings) of nuts per day: eating more than that did not improve scores any further.

Even better (from my point of view), it didn't seem to matter which tree nut the participants ate. Nor did it appear to matter what type of overall diet the participants followed: half of the studies had their participants follow a "habitual diet," while other recommended diets included low-fat, high-fat, American Heart Association, or Mediterranean Diet.

The authors cautioned that they did not look at whether the participants' weight changed as a result of the study they were participating in, which could affect the participants' cholesterol scores and blood pressure. That said, in 75% of the included studies the participants were consuming the nuts in addition to their usual diet: they were not cutting calories or fat elsewhere in their diet in order to maintain their customary intake and their usual weight. This makes it less likely that the improved scores were due to weight loss.

What’s The “Take Home”?

Eat tree nuts; they're great snacks. At least 1 ounce per day, but try for 2 ounces—that's only about a handful. Raw, unsalted nuts are best, but dry roasted and unsalted are good, too. But if you'll only eat them salted, that's fine—just keep the salt to as little as you can, and avoid the candy-coated nuts altogether.

Reference:

1. Del Gobbo LC, Falk MC, Feldman R, Lewis K, Mozaffarian D. Effects of tree nuts on blood lipids, apolioproteins, and blood pressure: systematic review, meta-analysis, and dose-response of 61 controlled intervention trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:1347-56.