Nutritional Pearls: Portioning Food By Energy Density

Sarah is a 36-year-old overweight woman struggling with weight loss. At her most recent check-up, Sarah tells you that she often has difficulty determining appropriate serving sizes for her meals, and how much of each food to put on her plate.

How would you advise your patient?
(Answer and discussion on next page)

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Answer: If you're working on your weight, load up your plate with larger portions of foods that are low in energy density, like vegetables and fruit.

Serve more, eat more: it's clear that larger portion sizes have contributed to the rise in obesity. One of the ways to combat this is to choose foods that are lower in energy density (that is, have fewer calories for greater volume).

It's important to understand how much people eat when presented with a single food in various amounts, as that's led to our understanding of the importance of both portion size and energy density. But it's even more important to understand how portion sizes and energy density work in the real world: people eat meals that contain a variety of foods that vary in their respective energy density. If portion sizes are larger in a full meal, do people eat more of everything—or only some things? And does the energy density of the food affect that?
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The Research

A team from the Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior at Pennsylvania State University invited 48 adult women, none of whom were trying to lose or gain weight or had food allergies or restrictions, to participate in their attempt to find out.1

On 4 occasions the participants came to the laboratory and were served a lunch consisting of 3 foods that were lower in energy density (cherry tomatoes, buttered broccoli, and red grapes) and 3 foods that were higher in energy density (Stouffer's macaroni and cheese, angel food cake, and garlic bread). The difference between the 4 visits to the lab was in the amount of food served: in random order, the participants were served a standard portion of all the foods (100%) or 1 1/3 portion (133%), 1 2/3 portion (167%), or a double portion (200%).

The Results

The authors determined the amount by weight that each participant consumed of each food and analyzed what percentage of the amount presented at the meal was consumed. I'm sure you won't be surprised to know that increasing the portion size by 1/3 meant the participants ate about 25% more of the meal overall. On the other hand, when the portion sizes were increased by 2/3, the participants ate an extra 34%—and the same was true for when the portion sizes were doubled. When they looked at the consumption of the lower energy density foods as a group and compared it to the group of higher energy density foods, the women tended to eat the same proportion of each at each meal regardless of the serving size.

What's interesting, though, is that the amount consumed of individual foods did not increase the same amount: between the standard portion and the doubled portion, the participants ate about 22% more mac and cheese but 60% more of the broccoli. In fact, in post-meal interviews the participants indicated which foods were most healthful and which they liked the best—and the authors found that even though the subjects knew that the lower energy density foods were better for them, they did not change the proportion of the lower vs. higher energy density foods they ate when the servings were larger. In general, the greatest increases in the amount consumed were in the foods the participants liked the best (I guess people do like broccoli, after all).

What’s The “Take Home”?

Regardless of how much the women ate, they all reported feeling the same level of fullness after each meal. That's a good indication that if you aren't knowingly depriving yourself, you're likely to be just as satisfied with a smaller portion as a larger one. So if you're working on your weight, load up your plate with larger portions of foods that are low in energy density, like vegetables and fruit, and keep a closer eye on the portion sizes of higher energy density foods.

Reference:
Roe LS, Kling SM, Rolls BJ. What is eaten when all of the foods at a meal are served in large portions? Appetite. 2016;99:1-9.